To continue my blog about self-esteem from yesterday, today, we discuss how and where self-esteem is in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow presented his a motivational theory as a five-tier model of needs at a hierarchical level.
Maslow (1943) first stated that people must achieve lower level needs before progressing on to higher levels. Well, if we think about suffering artists, painters, authors in the past, we can clearly see that their basic needs were not met, but they still reached self-actualisation. Maslow himself clarified later, that satisfaction of a needs is not an “all-or-none” phenomenon, declaring that his earlier statements might have given “the false impression that a need must be satisfied 100 per cent before the next need emerges” (1987, p. 69).
But where is self-esteem on the pyramid?
The bottom, first four levels are the deficiency needs (D-needs), the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs).
The bottom needs focus on the lack of something, the growth needs stem from a desire to grow as a person. When these growth needs have been reasonably satisfied, a person may be able to reach the highest level, called self-actualisation.
Everybody can move up the hierarchy towards the top.
Yes, sometimes the progress is disrupted by a failure to meet lower-level needs. Life costs money, not everybody can “afford” to commit to self-actualisation. Maslow (1943, 1954) described this situation as survival needs. Furthermore, life experiences, including the death of a loved one, divorce, loss of a job or low self-esteem, may cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy.
It means that we can move up and down the hierarchy, the needs and your state are not static. It also means that you have the option to proceed.
The original five-stage model includes:
1. Physiological needs – biological requirements for survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex and sleep.
2. Safety needs – security and safety. It means emotional and financial security (e.g. family, employment, social welfare), law and order, social stability, freedom from fear, property, health and wellbeing.
3. Love and belongingness needs – interpersonal relationships, e.g. friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Being part of a group (friends, work and family).
4. Esteem needs – Maslow classified them into two categories: esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, independence, mastery) and the desire for reputation and being respected (status, prestige).
Maslow also indicated that the need for respect is crucial for children and adolescents, and it precedes real self-esteem or dignity. We often find in therapy sessions, that clients` low self-esteem stems from previous life experiences.
5. Self-actualisation needs – the realisation of a person’s full potential, self-fulfilment. Maslow (1943) described this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can do, to become the most that one can be.
What is self-actualisation?
Self-actualisation is very individual. Some people want to feel like the best parent, some want to climb the Mount Everest, others want to have a beautiful garden or achieve a CEO position.
The most important thing about self-actualisation that it makes you feel competent, proud and confident. It makes you feel accomplished and satisfied with yourself and your life.
Maslow (1962) believed that self-actualisation occurs when a person experiences the world totally for what it is, and they feel euphoria, joy and wonder.
However, self-actualisation is a continual process of becoming. When I work with my clients, I want them to focus on the goal, but, most importantly, enjoy their journey of getting there.
Andrea Szentgyorgyi PGDip MNSTT
References:
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
Maslow, A. H. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company.
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Delhi, India: Pearson Education.
Contact me for more information about therapy for self-esteem
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